Hydrogen Iodide

Three theoretical calculations were completed for the hydrogen iodide molecule; the basis sets used were 3-21G, SPK-DZP, and SPKr-TZP.

Bond Length

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	Figure 1: A "Ball and Stick" Model of hydrogen iodide. The hydrogen and iodine atoms are white and purple respectively. The basis set shown is SPK-DZP

Theoretical bond lengths were calculated via three levels of theory.

Table 1: The calculated and experimental bond length of H-I.

	Bond Length (H-I) Å
3-21G	1.64
SPK-DZP	1.62
SPKr-TZP	1.37
Experimental¹	1.609

The SPKr-TZP model was the highest level of theory calculated. Figure 1 shows the bond length of the SPKr-TZP.

The SPK-DZP basis set, although not the highest level of theory used, calculated the closest bond length value to a comparable experimental value from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Moreover, in the potential energy of bond stretching, the SPK-DZP had a lower overall potential energy calculated than any of the other basis sets used. Therefore, the SPK-DZP basis set provided the most accurate theoretical bond length.

HOMO

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	Figure 2: Hydrogen iodide HOMO display

The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is the furthest shell from the nucleus that contains electrons in an atom or molecule.

Figure 2 shows the calculated HOMO of the hydrogen iodide molecule. This was calculated using the SPK-DZP basis set, because of the same reason stated in the bond length section.

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	Figure 3: Hydrogen iodide LUMO display

LUMO

The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is the closest vacant electron shell to the nucleus.

Figure 3 shows the calculated LUMO of the hydrogen iodide molecule. This was calculated using the SPK-DZP basis set.

Electrostatic Potential

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	Figure 4: Hydrogen Iodide Electrostatic Potential Map

The electrostatic potential map in figure 4 shows the regions of electron density. The red region surrounding the iodine atom in the molecule has a higher electron density than blue region around the hydrogen atom.

The electrostatic potential qualitatively illustrates the next to sections where the calculated partial atomic charges and dipole moment vectors of the hydrogen iodide molecule are shown.

In addition, the electrostatic potential map displays the relative charge distribution and shape of the molecule.

Those two specific points, relative charge distribution and shape of the molecule, are corroborated in the relative shape of the HOMO figure and the polarity of the molecule in the calculated dipole moment.

Partial Atomic Charge

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	Figure 5: Partial Atomic Charge of Hydrogen Iodide

The partial atomic charge for hydrogen iodide show the distribution of electron among the connected atoms. From the calculated partial atomic charge, the charge on the hydrogen is 0.07988, while the charge on the iodide atom is -0.07988. The overall charge is therefore neutral in this diatomic molecule.

Figure 5 shows the partial atomic charges of hydrogen iodide.

Dipole Moment

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	Figure 6: Dipole Moment of Hydrogen Iodide

Table 2: The calculated and experimental dipole moment of hydrogen iodide.

	Dipole Moment (D)
3-21G	-0.882319
SPK-DZP	-0.764077
SPKr-TZP	-0.719392
Experimental²	-0.448
Literature Reference (3-21G)³	-0.882

The dipole moment calculated in debye for SPK-DZP basis set is shown in figure 6.

Additionally an improve dipole moments was calculated by adding diffuse functions and doing a combination of them, from the combination the best improve dipole moment was chosen and are shown in table 3.

Table 3: The calculated improved dipole moments of hydrogen iodide.

	Dipole Moment (D)
3-21G	-0.517731
SPK-DZP	-0.764072
SPKr-TZP	-0.719391

Vibrational Frequency

Table 4: The calculated and experimental vibrational frequencies of hydrogen iodide.

	Frequency (cm^-1)
3-21G	2270.81
SPK-DZP	2437.34
SPKr-TZP	4451.44
Experimental.⁴	2309.0

The experimental vibrational frequency is approximate to the calculated values of the 3-21G and the SPK-DZP, however there is a larger error when comparing it to the SPKr-TZP basis set.

Potential Energy of Bond Stretching

The potential energy of bond stretching is shown in the four graphs above. Starting at the top left graph and moving clockwise: all three basis set's potential energy functions overlain, the SPK-DZP basis set, the SPKr-TZP set, and the 3-21G set. The lowest energy level of theory calculated was the SPK-DZP basis set. Although the SPKr-TZP was the larger basis set, it had a higher potential energy than the other two sets. This was also consistent with the SKP-DZP basis set calculations were, in general, closer to the experimental values.

Pictorial Orbital Diagram

Figure 7: The representation of the MO diagram of hydrogen iodide

Refrences

1. http://cccbdb.nist.gov/ . Geometries. Experimental geometry data for a given species. HI.
2. http://cccbdb.nist.gov/ . Dipoles. Experimental data. HI.
3.http://cccbdb.nist.gov/ . Dipoles. Calculated data. HI
4. http://cccbdb.nist.gov/ . Vibrations. Experimental vibrational data for a given species. HI

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Created by Andrew Balliet and Jaime Hernandez

Based on template by A. Herráez as modified by J. Gutow

Page skeleton and JavaScript generated by export to web function using Jmol 14.1.8 2014-02-10 21:43: on Mar 8, 2014.

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Hydrogen Iodide

Bond Length

HOMO

LUMO

Electrostatic Potential

Partial Atomic Charge

Dipole Moment

Vibrational Frequency

Potential Energy of Bond Stretching

Pictorial Orbital Diagram

Refrences

Home

Hydrogen Iodide

Formyl Fluoride

p-Xylene

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